Tinjauan Pustaka: Sindrom Vena Kava Superior

Chyntia Triana Putri, Adrianison Adrianison, Sri Melati Munir

Abstract

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) includes various clinical signs and symptoms due to external compression and intrinsic obstruction of superior vena cava (SVC) itself or the superior cavo-atrial junction that cause reducing of blood flow. Infection becomes main etiology in previous decades but development in antibiotics treatment and improvement of socio-economyc condition made incidence of SVCS due to infection decreased. SVCS due to malignancy recently reach 60-90% of overall cases. 78-85% of SVC obstructions due to malignancy are caused by lung cancer and 80% of it is right lesion. Historically SVCS is considered as an oncology emergency condition and become one of a few indications for palliative radiotherapy. This literature review will explain the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of SVCS with the aim of providing timely and effective intervention to treat the causes of this syndrome so that it can significantly relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients with SVCS.

Keywords

Lung cancer, SVCS, SVC

References

Lepper PM, Ott SR, Hoppe H, Schuman C, Stammberger U, Bugalho A, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome in thoracic malignancies. Respiratory Care. 2011; 56(5): 653-66.

Straka C, Ying J, Kong Feng-Ming, Willey CD, Kaminski J, Kim DW. Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. SpringerPlus. 2016; 5: 229.

Friedman T, Quencer KB, Kishore SA, Winokur RS, Madoff DC. Malignant venous obstruction: Superior vena cava syndrome and beyond. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2017; 34: 398-408.

Talapatra K, Panda S, Goyle S, Bhadra K, Mistry R. Superior vena cava syndrome: A radiation oncologist’s perspective. J Can Res Ther. 2016; 12: 515-9.

Sutanto YS, Hudoyo A. Buku Ajar Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran Respirasi: Sindroma Vena Kava Superior. Buku II. Jakarta. UI Publishing; 2018. p.346-60

Coiffard B, Elharrar X, Vandemoortele T, Laroumagne S, Dutau H, Astoul P. The hypermetabolic mushroom: Superior vena cava syndrome. Amjmed. 2014; 127(5): 395-7.

Medscape [internet]. Nickloes TA. Rowe VL. [publisher unknown]. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome; 2020 Mar 27 [cited 2021 April 25]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/460865-overview

Hinton J, Cerra-Franco A, Shiue K, Shea L, Aaron V, Billows G, et al. Superior vena cave syndrome in patient with locally advanced lung cancer with good response to definitive chemoradiation: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2018;12: 301.

Syahruddin E. Sindrom vena kava superior. J Respir Indones. 2009; 29(4).

Snell RS. Anatomi Klinik: Thorax: bagian II. Cavitas thoracic. Bagian I ed. 3. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 1997. p.120.

Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell A. Gray’s Anatomy for Students: Thorax. 4th ed. Philadelpia: Elsevier; 2020. p.220-3.

Gupta A, Kim DN, Kalva S, Reznik S, Johnson DH. Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology: Superior vena cava syndrome. 6th ed. 2020. Philadelpia: Elsevier; 2020. p. 775-85.

Ramirez JM, Torre JM, Torre RA, Santiago AS, Lopez OO, Carranza DR. Superior vena cava syndrome. J Cardiol Curr Res. 2018; 11(6): 225-7.

Pech-Alonso B, Fermin-Hernandez C, Saavedra-de Rosas SI, Cicero-Sabido RJ. Superior vena cava syndrome: Clinical considerations. Rev Med Hosp Gen Méx. 2018; 81(2): 59-65.

Perez-Soler R, McLaughlin P,Velasquez WS, Hagemeister FB, Zornoza J, Manning JT, et al. Clinical features and results of management of superior vena cava syndrome secondary to lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1984; 2:260-6.

Alaa M, Elmazaien M, Amin M. Superior vena cava syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of Egyptian Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2009; 34.

Tan R, Martires J, Kamangar N. Tuberculosis-associated fibrosing mediastinitis: Case report and literature review. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2016;6:32.

Wu Z, Jarvis H, Howard LS, Wright C, Kon OM. Post-tuberculous fibrosing mediastinitis: a review of the literature. BMJ Open Resp Res. 2017;4:e000174.

Liu T, Gao L, Xie S, Sun H, Liu M, Zhai Z. Clinical and imaging spectrum of tuberculosis-associated fibrosing mediastinitis. Clin Respir J. 2018; 12(5): 1974-80.

Ayed AK, Behbehani NA. Diagnosis and treatment of isolated tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in adults. Eur J Surg. 2011;167: 334-8.

Santra A, Nandi S, Mondal S, Chakraborty S. Superior vena cava syndrome due to thrombosis: a rare paraneoplastic presentation of bronchogenic carcinoma. Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41:4.

Holiday EB, Hampton DA, Thomas Jr CR. Prognostic value of the yale grading system for superior vena cava syndrome. Annals ATS. 2016; 13(10): 1862-5.

Yu J, Wilson L, Detterbeck F. Superior vena cava syndrome - a proposed classification system and algorithm for management. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:811-4.

Kishi K, Sonamura T, Mitsuzane K, Nishida N, Yang RJ, Sato M, et al. Self-expandable metallic stent therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: clinical observations. Radiology. 1993;189:531-535.

Stanford W, Doty D. The role of venography and surgery in the management of patients with superior vena cava obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;41:158-63.

National Health Service United Kingdom. Diagnostic algorithm for superior vena cava obstruction [Internet]. London: National Health Service United Kingdom [date unknown] [cited 2020 july 17]. Available from: www.factsoncancertreatment.org.uk.

Kashyap VS, Pierce G. Endovascular Surgery: Catheter-directed therapy of superior vena cava syndrome. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier. 2011. p. 687-93.

Medscape [Internet]. Beeson MS. [publisher unknown]. Superior vena cava syndrome in emergency medicine medication; 2016 Sep 19 [cited 2021 April 25]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/760301-medication.

Fahem N, Migaou A, Saad AB, Jobeur S, Mhammed SC, Rouatbi N. Superior vena cava syndrome and lung cancer: survival and prognostic factors. J Lung Pulm Respir Res. 2019; 6(4): 81-5.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26891/JIK.v18i1.2024.1-10

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.